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Once upon a time there was a collection of stories that everybody loved. They involved brave heroes such as Perseus and Theseus defeating fearful monsters like Medusa and the Minotaur. Sometimes they used ingenious gadgets to achieve their goals, a bit like James Bond with his exploding pen. Sometimes they were helped by women who took a fancy to them.
Some, like Icarus, failed. Others succeeded but still came to a sticky end — like Oedipus, who solved the riddle of the Sphinx but also killed his dad and married his mom. The point is that these stories were so old they came from a time before writing. There was no set text, so they could be adopted and adapted and take many forms.
This was handy when Christianity came along, whose followers were keen to reinterpret the myths to make them sort of Christian. Early writers zoomed in on details of particular stories that allowed them to suggest that the heroes were really allegorical representations of Jesus Christ. The mighty Heracles descending into Hell and living to tell? Jesus, of course. The crooner Orpheus, who also went to Hell and back? Same deal. Odysseus strapped to his mast, listening to the song of the Sirens? A bit like Jesus on the Cross.
When you’re a hammer, everything looks like a nail. This is a major theme of Richard Buxton’s bountiful, beautifully illustrated guide to eight Greek myths: Medea, Oedipus, Orpheus, Heracles, Prometheus, the Judgment of Paris, Icarus and the Amazons. Time and again, people have picked up these myths and viewed or skewed them according to their own particular interests.
Consider the two Francis Bacons. The seventeenth-century philosopher took a look at the Orpheus story and decided that it was all about philosophy. The singer’s ability to tame the animals and combat death with his song represented distinct branches of philosophy: ethics, and natural philosophy or science. The twentieth-century painter took the tale of Agamemnon, Clytemnestra and Orestes as the starting point for his deeply personal triptych inspired by the Oresteia of Aeschylus, which is currently on show in London at the Royal Academy. The bloodstained story, it turned out, was all about him.
Buxton, who is emeritus professor of classics at Bristol University, doesn’t explore what a myth is, nor tell us why he has chosen these eight. He has two aims. The first is to show the infinite adaptability of the Greek myths. The second is to argue that they are “meaningful for virtually everyone, regardless of their economic circumstances or cultural background.”
In the first aim he succeeds completely. I had no idea that in fifteenth-century Florence, wedding chests, known as cassone, often bore an image of Medea: an odd choice, since she murdered her children. Buxton’s book is a literary wedding chest, packed with fascinating curios, intriguing asides and spiraling sub-plots. But it, too, bears a slightly misleading label. The Greek Myths That Shape the Way We Think? Presumably these should also include the stories of Perseus, or Theseus, or Odysseus, or Achilles? Or if they don’t, why don’t they?
The present tenses in the title also seem dubious, as it’s in its most recent examples that Buxton’s book is weakest. If he wants to speak to a broader audience he must dust down his prose style, which is peppered with fusty double negatives (“not for nothing” etc). And he should probably say “contemporary” rather than ‘chronologically concomitant’.
Why wouldn’t such a book take in the extraordinary dominance in Hollywood over the past fifteen years of superhero movies, involving larger-than-life characters that seem obvious descendants of Greek mythological heroes? In 2008’s Iron Man, for example, Tony Stark’s imprisonment in a cave, and how he escapes, arguably hark back to Odysseus and the Cyclops.
The street artists Banksy and Zilda reference Greek myths, but don’t get a mention. Buxton might equally have touched on the Twitter poet Brian Bilston’s take on Orpheus, which sees the hero search for his lost love in the modern hell of a sports store outlet, or have name-checked re-takes on familiar myths from a female perspective by Madeline Miller and Natalie Haynes.
Admittedly, in some cases, these aren’t the myths that Buxton has chosen, but in many instances they are. Why, for example, is there no nod to Disney’s Hercules film? I recently saw its latest animated feature Encanto, with its female Colombian equivalent of the muscle-bound hero. (“I feel berserk as a tightrope walker in a three-ring circus… Was Hercules ever like ‘Yo, I don’t wanna fight Cerberus?’”) That probably came out after Buxton handed in his final draft. But why not include the absurd exhibition staged in Moscow in 2014, in which obsequious artists presented a butch President Putin performing equivalents of the Labous of Heracles? In one, he shoulders the globe, which is turned to present Ukraine foremost. In a detail that now seems disgusting, a white dove of peace flutters.
The author is clearly happier referencing Rubens than lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda, let alone second-rate post-Soviet propaganda. That is fine, of course, but it doesn’t really land his blow for up-to-the-minute relevance.
This article was originally published in The Spectator’s UK magazine. Subscribe to the World edition here.
